Which part of the virus protects its genetic material?

The capsid is the protein shell of a virus that serves a crucial role in protecting its genetic material. It is composed of protein subunits called capsomers, which assemble in a specific way to form a protective layer around the viral nucleic acid, whether it is DNA or RNA. This protective function is vital as the genetic material needs to be safeguarded from environmental factors, such as enzymes and other molecules that could degrade it. The capsid not only provides protection but also plays an essential role in delivering the viral genome into host cells, enabling the replication process to begin.

In contrast, while the envelope can provide an additional layer of protection and is derived from the host cell membrane, it does not inherently protect the viral genetic material itself; rather, it helps in the process of viral entry into host cells. The matrix proteins are involved in supporting the structure of the virus and assisting in the assembly and budding processes but do not have a primary role in the direct protection of genetic material. Lastly, the core generally refers to the innermost part of the virus, which might contain the viral genome and some enzymes, but it lacks the protective structural properties that the capsid provides.